Aware Globe

DNA is made up of a sequence of letters, or amino acids, which encode proteins, the structures that carry out important jobs inside cells. Conventional wisdom states that evolution occurs by random mutations that make an individual organism better able to survive and reproduce, according to natural selection. In the study, published Sept. 30 in the journal Royal Society Open Science, fisheries biologists Michael Garvin and his colleague Anthony Gharrett, of the University of Alaska Fairbanks, in Juneau, set out to see whether or not these mutations were truly random.

Stuck on repeat

In a previous study, Garvin and his colleagues analyzed the DNA from a number of species that encode a complex of proteins whose job is to produce ATP, the energy-rich molecule that powers cells. Changes in these bits of DNA allow a species to adapt to its environment, so they are said to be under "postive selection."

One day, Garvin was entering a DNA sequence for salmon into his computer, but he kept typing the sequence wrong, because there were so many repeats of the same two letters in the DNA, for example, "CACACACA," he said. These letters were right next to a positively selected site. He wondered if maybe the cell makes the same mistake in copying the repeated sequence when it replicates the DNA, perhaps including the wrong number of 'CAs,' for example. (These repeats themselves are not errors, but errors could be introduced in copying them.)

"It is kind of like buttoning up your shirt in the morning when you're tired and you miss one button," Garvin said. "Everything is off by one and there is a loop in your shirt and now you need to fix it. This loop is analogous to the DNA that needs to be repaired," he said.

When the cell is "fixing the buttons," the DNA has more time to mutate — a phenomenon called slip-strand mis-pairing. So these repeats — a physical property of the DNA — influence the mutation rate, the researchers said.

But even as a section of DNA is mutating, the sequence on either side of it, which contains the repeated section, cannot change too much or the protein won't work properly. The sequence would normally mutate until the repeat disappeared, but the need to preserve the sequence so the protein still works prevents the repeats from being eliminated. The result is a "mutational hot spot" in between stable DNA sequences, Garvin said.

Nonrandom forces

In the new study, the researchers looked at all of the DNA sequences under positive selection (or those that help an organism adapt to its environment), to see whether they were near a repeated sequence. They found that 97 percent of the sites were.

To find out if other DNA sequences that don't undergo positive selection also mutate in this way, Garvin identified all of the repeated sequences in the DNA of the species studied. He found that 60 percent of all mutating sites were next to a repeat.

"So in the end, most mutation is not random, at least for the DNA sequences we analyzed here," Garvin said. Rather, it is a combination of two opposing forces — the mis-pairing during DNA replication and the need to preserve a protein's function, Garvin said.

The findings could explain why evolution occurs much faster than if mutations were, in fact, totally random, the researchers said. The repeated sequences may also be necessary for evolution, they said.

For example, genetic diversity at these DNA sites could help species adapt to changes in the availability of food and other resources that can result from climate change, Garvin said. So these repeat sequences could be used as a predictor for how a population will respond to environmental changes.



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It will weigh the maximum amount as eleven London buses, offer correct weather forecasts per week earlier than time, and ultimately enable meteorologists to mention whether or not freak weather events area unit all the way down to nature or climate-altering act. once designed next year at the united kingdom earth science Office's headquarters in Exeter, the 140-tonne Cray XC40 laptop are the largest, most powerful laptop devoted alone to climate science and meteorology.

"We believe that within the field of weather and climate analysis, this can be the largest within the world," aforesaid Rob Varley, chief government of the Met workplace, World Health Organization in the week declared the plans to create the £97-million large. not like alternative supercomputers, like the larger "Titan" machine at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee, the Cray XC40 are devoted solely to climate science. With a capability of sixteen petaflops (a live of the amount of calculations the pc will perform every second), it'll be quite doubly as powerful as its nearest climate-dedicated rival, the vespid machine, that is being designed at the University of metropolis in Federal Republic of Germany.

Advances in computing mean that these days, four-day weather forecasts area unit as correct as one-day forecasts were thirty years past. Varley says the new machine's large computing power can extend this accuracy more, to around 5 or six days ahead.

The computer is additionally meant to spice up the accuracy, scale and reliableness of advanced climate simulations and models, to raised assess however temperature change can impact weather systems. Pier Luigi Vidale, a climate man of science at the University of Reading, UK, says that one in all the primary comes to deploy the Cray are the pan-European Primavera study, which is able to examine the combined effects oceans, aerosols and greenhouse gases area unit doubtless to possess on climate patterns and extreme weather events over following fifty years.

Now nullity is a touchscreen. Yasuaki Monnai and his team at the University of capital of Japan have created a virtual screen you'll feel. known as HaptoMime, it uses reflective surfaces to form a holographic show.

"It's like touching a toy keyboard," says Monnai. "You solely have to be compelled to reach out your freedom onto the floating image."

An infrared device detects once someone tries to the touch it, at that purpose unhearable vibrations area unit centered on to the fingertips, giving the impression of physical contact. dynamic  the unhearable pressure offers a spread of sensations, from the sensation of wind to a rigid surface.

The floating image is subtle enough to let users play a virtual piano or scan a 6pt Times New Roman font simply in mid-air, says Monnai.

He believes secure word entry at ATMs may well be the primary of the many applications. different prospects embody browsing the net, checking for recipes with wet or dirty hands, or sanctioning doctors to move a lot of freely with interfaces throughout surgery. it might conjointly eliminate the chance of shared interface publicly areas spreading any infection or illness.

HaptoMime was given at the ACM conference on interface software system and Technology (UIST) in Hawaii earlier this month.

Shanghai (China) , a university in China created a battery with the help of lithium which fills 70% of it in just 60 seconds and will drain in 20  years after first charge, it's totally mind blowing.

This amazing battery will be available in 2016, it will give serious hopes to mega power consuming chips in smartphones. This new tech have got licence and will start production in one and half year. Now we can put some serious chips in phone not worrying about power consumption also it will help to make laptop battery 10 + years. It's just a revolution.

It just completely charges in 2 minutes approx and lasts for 20 years OMG! that's whooping numbers.

Oh I have cough use some antio-biotic or some syrup but that medicine will have serious side effect later on. There are several things in almost all kitchens having some amazing medication properties.

Mayonnaise is liked in every home especially children love it. Mostly it is consumed with bread and in burgers/sandwiches. Mayonnaise content includes egg yolk, oil , lemon juice or vinegar. Mayonnaise is a complete diet even if you use it decent quantity. 

Mayonnaise is well of vitamins, not only this it helps to keep blood pressure constant. Along with vitamins Mayonnaise contains several essential minerals like phosphorous, potassium, calcium. One spoon Mayonnaise gives you around 100 calories approx. depends upon in which oil it is prepared, Mayonnaise prepared in canola oil have lesser calories (57 approx.). Mayonnaise can be served along with crushed onions , with fries, in burger, along with boiled eggs in salads it enhances zest.

Recipe: 
1 egg
1 tablespoon white vinegar
1/2 teaspoon salt
1 1/2 cups canola oil 

Despite of it's nutritional benefits it can be used as beauty products and beauty tip mentioned below.

As a conditioner:
After doing shampoo use apply Mayonnaise on hair and leave it for an hour, then wash hair with shampoo again it is natural and best conditioner without causing damage to hair as chemical conditioners.

Skin impacted by Sun burn:
Wherever on face you have sun burns , there apply a thin layer of Mayonnaise and massage over. Leave it for 20 minutes then wash with water. Do it regularly after few days the marks will be vanished.

Mayonnaise facial mask:
Mayonnaise is a nice facial mask which can defeat expensive cosmetic products, what you have to do is apply Mayonnaise as a mask on your face leave it for 20 minutes then wash your face with slight cold water.

For dried and cracked heel:
Simply apply it as a cream on your heels leave it for 15 minutes and then wash it. Better to use it night time leave whole night and in the morning wash it. Soft heels waiting for you.

For the end of hair lice:
For the end of lice, during night apply it on the hair and cover the head , then in the morining wash it with shampoo also do comb just after shampoo. 

According to Indian Media, India tested a moderate range sub super sonic cruise missile capable of taking nuclear warheads.